India Joins Global Space Research: ISRO to Study Long-Term Space Missions on Ax-4

ISRO is conducting research on Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) in collaboration with NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) to support long-duration space missions.

With duration up to 14 days docked at the International Space Station (ISS), the Ax-4 astronauts crew will led by Commander Peggy Whitson (USA), with Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla (India), Mission Specialist Slawosz Uznański-Wisniewski (Poland), and Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu (Hungary).

The studies aim to enhance India's capabilities in space exploration and contribute to global scientific progress.

India's Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will pilot the Ax-4 mission, which includes around 60 scientific studies, with 7 led by Indian space agency ISRO. Shukla will serve as the mission pilot, making him the second Indian citizen to travel to space after Rakesh Sharma.

Shukla and his backup astronaut, Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, have undergone rigorous training with NASA and Axiom Space.

The Ax-4 crew 

 

Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla

India is working alongside NASA, ESA, and Axiom Space, strengthening its presence in international space exploration. This mission is a stepping stone for India's future human spaceflight programs, including Gaganyaan.

In an announcement, Axiom Space said, "ISRO has a strong portfolio of life science experiments. In collaboration with NASA and Redwire, the "Space Microalgae" project investigates the impact of microgravity on the growth, metabolism, and genetic activity of three strains of edible microalgae. These tiny organisms could become a sustainable food source for long-duration space missions, thanks to their rich protein, lipid, and bioactive components." 

Some key research areas include:

• Human Research: Studying how astronauts interact with electronic displays in microgravity to improve spacecraft computer design.
• Life Sciences: Investigating microalgae and cyanobacteria growth in space, which could lead to sustainable food sources and environmental control systems.
• Muscle Regeneration: Exploring metabolic supplements to prevent muscle atrophy in astronauts.
• Crop Growth: Examining the germination and growth of crop seeds in microgravity to support future space farming.
• ISRO is also exploring the potential of growing crops in space. The "Sprouting Salad Seeds in Space" experiment, in collaboration with NASA and BioServe Space Technologies, investigates the germination and growth of crop seeds in microgravity. 
• Tardigrade: In partnership with NASA and Voyager, ISRO is studying the resilience of tardigrades, tiny creatures known for their ability to survive extreme conditions. This experiment will examine the revival, survival, and reproduction of tardigrades on the International Space Station, comparing gene expression patterns between space-flown and ground control populations. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of their resilience could inform future space exploration and lead to innovative biotechnology applications on Earth.

The mission is expected to launch no earlier than May 2025 and will be docked at the International Space Station (ISS) for up to 14 days.

Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)

Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a private astronaut mission to the International Space Station (ISS), organized by Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA, ISRO, and the European Space Agency (ESA). The mission is scheduled to launch no earlier than May 2025 and will be docked at the ISS for up to 14 days.

Key Details:

• Crew: Led by Commander Peggy Whitson (USA), with Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla (India), Mission Specialist Slawosz Uznański-Wisniewski (Poland), and Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu (Hungary).
• Research Focus: Ax-4 will conduct around 60 scientific studies, including seven led by ISRO, covering human research, life sciences, muscle regeneration, and crop growth in microgravity.
• Significance: This mission marks India’s second human spaceflight and strengthens its presence in global space exploration.

Ax-4 is shaping up to be one of the most research-intensive missions yet!

How ISRO Plans to Land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars

ISRO's Mars Lander Mission (MLM) (unofficially called Mangalyaan-2) mission is set to be India's first attempt at landing on Mars, marking a significant leap in interplanetary exploration. Unlike its predecessor, which was an orbiter, this mission will include a lander and a helicopter for surface exploration.

Key Landing Strategy:

1. Launch & Cruise Stage: The spacecraft will be launched aboard the LVM3 rocket and initially placed in an Earth orbit of 190 x 35,786 km. From there, a Cruise Stage will propel it toward Mars.
2. Direct Entry Approach: Upon reaching Mars, the Descent Stage will detach and make a direct atmospheric entry, skipping the need for orbiting before landing.
3. Aerobraking & Parachutes: To slow down, ISRO will use aerobraking, leveraging the Martian atmosphere to reduce velocity. A heat-protective aeroshell and supersonic parachutes will help manage the intense atmospheric friction.
4. Final Descent & Touchdown: At 1.3 km above the surface, the lander will activate its powered descent system, using onboard engines to ensure a soft and precise landing.

If successful, Mangalyaan-2 will place India among the elite nations that have landed on Mars, providing invaluable data for future missions. While ISRO has yet to confirm a launch date, the mission's complexity highlights India's growing capabilities in space exploration.

An illustration of NASA's Perseverance rover landing safely on Mars. Hundreds of critical events must execute perfectly and exactly on time for the rover to land safely on Feb. 18, 2021. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Mangalyaan-2 is a major upgrade from India's first Mars mission, Mangalyaan-1. Unlike Mangalyaan-1, which was an orbiter, Mangalyaan-2 will include a lander and a helicopter to explore the Martian surface. 

The new mission can carry 7 times more payload than its Mangalyaan-1, allowing for more sophisticated scientific instruments. Instead of orbiting Mars first, Mangalyaan-2 will make a direct atmospheric entry before landing. 

This mission marks India's first attempt at landing on another planet, putting ISRO in an elite group of space agencies.

Exciting, right? What aspect of the mission interests you the most?

Assam to Have India’s 1st Space Junk Monitoring Radar Under ISRO’s Project Netra

Assam is set to host India’s first space debris monitoring radar under ISRO’s Project Netra. The radar will be established in Chandrapur, near Guwahati, and will be capable of detecting objects as small as 10 cm within a range of 2,000 km. This initiative is part of ISRO’s broader effort to enhance space situational awareness and safeguard India’s growing satellite assets.

The project is expected to be completed within a year and represents an investment of approximately ₹1,000 crore. The state government has allotted 200 bighas of land for the facility and assured. Once operational, it will significantly reduce India’s dependence on foreign sources for tracking space.

This news comes within a month after Assam's state government has announced that it is gearing up to launch its own satellite system, ASSAMSAT, with technical assistance from ISRO.

India has been making significant strides in space debris monitoring and mitigation, but it still lags behind some of the more established spacefaring nations in terms of infrastructure and investment.

It was in April 2022, when ISRO announced that it aims to attain self-reliance in safeguarding the valuable space assets, ISRO will establish Space Surveillance and Tracking network with RADARS and Optical Telescopes under the project Network for Space Objects Tracking and Analysis (NETRA).

Project Netra is India’s initiative for space situational awareness (SSA), which includes radar and optical telescopes to track debris.

India aims to eliminate debris from all its space missions by 2030, setting a global precedent.

India has Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, which was established in 2020 to serve as India’s hub for monitoring space traffic.

ISRO Achieves Breakthrough in Now-Casting Lightning Events Over India Using Data From Geo Satellites

ISRO has made a major breakthrough in now-casting lightning events over India using data from geostationary satellites. This advancement, led by ISRO’s National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), enhances predictive accuracy with a 2.5-hour lead time.

Now-casting is the process of predicting imminent weather events with a short lead time, usually within the next 0 to 6 hours. It’s different from traditional weather forecasting, which predicts conditions over days or weeks.

The method relies on detecting lightning signatures in Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data from the INSAT-3D satellite. A reduction in OLR strength serves as an indicator of potential lightning occurrences. To refine predictions, ISRO incorporated additional meteorological parameters like Land Surface Temperature (LST) and wind, creating a composite variable that improves forecasting accuracy.

 

The dome-shaped enclosure, or radome, for antennae at an NRSC facility

This breakthrough is crucial for disaster management and public safety, as lightning is a dominant natural hazard in tropical regions.

How It Works

• Satellite Observations: ISRO researchers detected lightning signatures in Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data from the INSAT-3D satellite. A reduction in OLR strength serves as an indicator of potential lightning occurrences.
• Additional Meteorological Parameters: To refine predictions, ISRO incorporated Land Surface Temperature (LST) and wind data, creating a composite variable that improves forecasting accuracy.
• Real-Time Monitoring: The developed composite variable effectively captures variations in lightning activity observed by ground-based measurements, allowing for improved prediction of lightning occurrence and intensity.

Why This Matters:

Lightning is a dominant natural hazard in tropical regions, causing significant damage and loss of life. This breakthrough enables early warnings, helping authorities take preventive measures to reduce risks.

ISRO Achieves Major Breakthrough in Semicryogenic Engine Development

ISRO has made a significant leap in its Semicryogenic engine development, successfully conducting the first hot test of the Engine Power Head Test Article (PHTA) on March 28, 2025, at the ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.

This 2,000 kN thrust engine, powered by Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene, is set to replace the L110 core liquid stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), enhancing its payload capacity from 4 tonnes to 5 tonnes in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

The SE2000 engine operates on an oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle, with a high chamber pressu7re of 180 bar and a specific impulse of 335 seconds. This breakthrough positions India among the few nations mastering high-thrust semicryogenic propulsion technology.

The realization of a test facility to qualify the engine and stage is equally complex and challenging. The complex Semicryogenic Integrated Engine Test facility (SIET) was established at ISRO Propulsion Research Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri for testing the engine and stage and was dedicated to the nation by the Honourable Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, on February 27, 2024. This facility caters to storage and servicing of large volume of propellants and service fluids at high pressures.

PHTA Hot Test

PHTA Hot Test

The capability of the test stand is validated through several flow and ignition trials. The test stand which involves many sophisticated control components are managed from a Test Control Centre that is also developed indigenously. This facility with a state-of-art PLC-based control system and data acquisition system is capable of testing semi-cryogenic engines up to 2600 kN thrust.

Its a major milestone in India's technological advancements, this milestone aligns perfectly with ISRO's push for indigenous space capabilities.

With this breakthrough, ISRO is further planning a series of tests on the PHTA to further validate and finetune the performance before the realization of the fully integrated engine.

How will this engine improve future ISRO missions?

Power Head Test Article (PHTA)

The SE2000 semicryogenic engine will significantly enhance ISRO's future missions by improving payload capacity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Here’s how:

• Increased Payload Capacity: By replacing the L110 core liquid stage of the LVM3 rocket, the SE2000 engine will boost payload capacity from 4 tonnes to 5 tonnes in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
• Higher Efficiency: The oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle allows for higher thrust (2,000 kN) and specific impulse (335 seconds), making launches more efficient.
• Cost Reduction: Using Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Kerosene as propellants is cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to traditional cryogenic fuels.

SE2000 Engine

The engine will power next-generation launch vehicles, enabling larger satellites and interplanetary missions.

This breakthrough aligns with ISRO’s push for indigenous space capabilities, strengthening India’s position in global space exploration

ISRO Achieves Major Milestone With Indigenous Microprocessors for Space Missions

India has achieved a significant milestone in space-grade electronics with the development of two fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessors, VIKRAM3201 and KALPANA3201, designed specifically for ISRO's launch vehicle applications.

On March 5, 2025, the first production lots of the 32-bit microprocessors developed for space applications, VIKRAM3201 & KALPANA3201, were handed over to Dr. V. Narayanan, Secretary, DOS /Chairman, ISRO by Shri S. Krishnan, Secretary, MeitY, in a function organised at New Delhi by the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh.

• VIKRAM3201: This is the first fully indigenous, space-qualified 32-bit microprocessor fabricated in India. It supports custom instruction sets, floating-point computation, and high-level language support for Ada. It has already proven its space-worthiness in the PSLV-C60 mission.
• KALPANA3201: Based on the SPARC V8 RISC architecture, this microprocessor is versatile and compatible with open-source software tool sets.

These chips were developed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and manufactured at the Semiconductor Laboratory in Chandigarh. They represent a generational leap from the earlier 16-bit processors and mark a step forward in India's self-reliance in critical space technologies.

Notably, VIKRAM1601 was ISRO's first indigenous 16-bit microprocessor, operational in launch vehicle avionics since 2009. A fully "Make-in-India" version was introduced in 2016 after domestic fabrication capabilities matured.

Four other devices that were jointly developed with SCL were also handed over towards significant miniaturisation of the launch vehicle Avionics system. This includes two versions of a Reconfigurable Data Acquisition System (RDAS) integrating multiple indigenously designed 24-bit Sigma-Delta Analog to Digital Converters on a single chip along with a Relay driver Integrated Circuit & a Multi-Channel Low Drop-out Regulator Integrated Circuit for high reliability applications.

India to Start Building Its Own Space Station from 2028 Onwards

This ambitious project, led by ISRO, aims to establish a fully operational space station with five modules by 2035.

India's ambitious space station project, the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), is set to begin with the launch of its first module in 2028. This modular space station will weigh approximately 52 tons and orbit at an altitude of 400-450 km. It is designed to support a crew of 3-4 astronauts for durations of 3-6 months.

The BAS will be developed in phases, with the first module serving as the base for subsequent additions. By 2035, the station is expected to be fully operational with five interconnected modules. The project aims to advance India's capabilities in long-duration human space missions and microgravity-based scientific research.

A significant milestone for the BAS was achieved with the successful demonstration of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) in January 2025. This experiment validated India's ability to autonomously dock satellites in orbit, a critical capability for assembling and maintaining a modular space station.

The BAS project is part of India's broader vision for space exploration, which includes the Gaganyaan human spaceflight program and plans for a crewed Moon landing by 2040.

BAS

Notably, ISRO's Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) and the NASA's International Space Station (ISS) differ in several key aspects. The ISS is a collaborative effort involving multiple countries, including the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and European nations, aimed at fostering international cooperation in space research. The BAS, on the other hand, is India's independent initiative to advance its space exploration capabilities and conduct scientific research.

Besides, the ISS is significantly larger, with a mass of about 420 tons and the ability to host up to 7 astronauts for extended periods. The BAS is planned to weigh around 52 tons and accommodate 3-4 astronauts for durations of 3-6 months.

The ISS consists of multiple interconnected modules contributed by various countries. The BAS will be developed in phases, starting with one module in 2028 and expanding to five modules by 2035.

ISS

Both stations will orbit at similar altitudes of approximately 400-450 km above Earth. The ISS represents a global partnership, while the BAS is a national project, although India may collaborate with other countries for specific missions.

The BAS emphasizes microgravity research, long-duration human space missions, and supporting India's broader space exploration goals, such as lunar missions. The ISS has a broader scope, including international scientific experiments and technology demonstrations.

The BAS reflects India's growing ambitions in space exploration and its desire to establish a self-reliant presence in orbit.

Agra Man Arrested for Allegedly Leaking Sensitive Info About ISRO's Gaganyaan Mission

A man from Agra, Uttar Pradesh, was arrested for allegedly leaking sensitive information about ISRO's Gaganyaan mission and other defense projects to Pakistan's ISI. The individual was reportedly manipulated through a honeytrap operation.

The honeytrap incident involving ISRO's Gaganyaan mission has raised significant concerns about national security.

Ravindra Kumar, a chargeman at the Firozabad Ordnance Factory, was arrested by the Uttar Pradesh Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) on March 14, 2025. He was accused of leaking sensitive information about India's Gaganyaan mission and other defense projects to Pakistan's ISI.

The accused, Ravindra Kumar, was reportedly honey-trapped by an ISI handler named ‘Neha’ and had been leaking sensitive defence information for an extended period.

Kumar was reportedly manipulated by a Pakistani agent posing as an ISRO officer named "Neha Sharma" on Facebook. Their interactions moved to WhatsApp, where the agent extracted classified information through chats and video calls.

The data shared included details about drone manufacturing, ordnance production, and the Gaganyaan mission. Kumar allegedly received payments from unknown sources multiple times in exchange for this information.

The investigation revealed a larger espionage network operated by ISI, utilizing AI-driven tools and call centers in cities like Lahore and Karachi. This network, known as "Project Lioness," trains female spies for such operations.

The Firozabad Ordnance Factory, which plays a crucial role in manufacturing parachutes for astronaut landings in the Gaganyaan mission, was compromised. Authorities are investigating the extent of the breach and its potential impact on national security.

If convicted under the Official Secrets Act, Kumar could face up to 14 years in prison.

This incident underscores the persistent threat of honeytrapping and the need for stringent cybersecurity measures. Let me know if you'd like to explore more about ISRO's Gaganyaan mission or related topics!

ISRO’s NRSC and Shiv Nadar University, Delhi - NCR Ink MoU to Advance Space Research and Innovation

The collaboration will boost research in remote sensing, disaster management, advanced farming, environmental studies, and space technology.

Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), a key arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), to accelerate research in space technology and artificial intelligence.

The signing ceremony, held in August, brought together Dr. V. Narayanan, Secretary, Department of Space & Chairman, ISRO, along with Dr. Prakash Chauhan, Director, NRSC; Dr. Karthik Krishnan, Associate Dean, Research, Shiv Nadar University, Dr. S. K. Srivastava, CGM, RCs, NRSC; and Dr. Sameer Saran, DGM, RC-North, NRSC.

This collaboration will advance research in remote sensing applications for environmental and urban planning, disaster management using satellite imaging and predictive analytics, AI-driven precision agriculture for crop monitoring and yield optimization, climate resilience studies leveraging earth observation data, and autonomous UAV-based environmental assessments.

Speaking on the significance of this collaboration, Professor Ananya Mukherjee, Vice Chancellor, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi - NCR said, “This MoU marks a significant milestone in the University’s journey of expanding its research footprint in space sciences and allied fields. Collaborating with ISRO opens up unprecedented opportunities for our faculty and students to work on pioneering projects with national and global relevance. We are committed to leveraging this partnership to drive impactful innovations in space technology, data analytics, and climate resilience. This collaboration will not only advance research but also inspire the next generation of scientists and innovators,” she said.”

The partnership will promote joint research initiatives, technology commercialization, student projects, and skill development programs. It aims to strengthen India’s leadership in space exploration while enabling the university to play a meaningful role in shaping the future of space research. Dr. V. Narayanan, Secretary, Department of Space & Chairman, ISRO, reaffirmed ISRO’s commitment to academic collaborations that promote innovation and knowledge exchange. “ISRO has always prioritised collaboration with academic institutions to promote a culture of innovation and knowledge exchange. This partnership with Shiv Nadar University underscores our commitment to harnessing research excellence for addressing real-world challenges. By engaging with the university, we are not only expanding our research outreach but also reinforcing India’s leadership in space science, earth observation, and sustainable development,” he said.

This initiative will lay the foundation for capacity-building programs to train the next generation of space scientists, joint publications and technology incubators for emerging space technologies, and industry collaborations that bridge the gap between research and real-world applications. Bringing together scientists, faculty, and students, the partnership will contribute to groundbreaking discoveries in space research and reinforce India’s position in remote sensing and AI-driven innovations.

About Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR

Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, is a student-centric, multidisciplinary research university offering various academic programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. The Institution was set up in 2011 by the Shiv Nadar Foundation, a philanthropic foundation established by Mr. Shiv Nadar, founder of HCL. As per QS Asia 2024 rankings, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi NCR, India's youngest Institution of Eminence (IoE), is placed amongst the top 36% institutions in Asia and is ranked 41 amongst Indian institutions. As per the Nature India Index 2023, it was ranked amongst the top 30 Indian institutions for research. In the Government's National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), Shiv Nadar IoE has been the youngest institution in the 'top 100' Overall list for six consecutive years. In NIRF-2024, it ranked 62 in the 'University' category.

About Shiv Nadar Foundation

Established in 1994, by Shiv Nadar, Founder, HCL - a US$13.8 billion leading global technology enterprise, the Foundation is committed to the creation of a more equitable, merit-based society by empowering individuals through transformational education, and to bridge the socio-economic divide. Over the last 30 years the Foundation has directly touched the lives of over 39,000 alumni and students through its marquee institutions in literacy, K12 and higher education. Today, the Foundation has a community of over 100,000 constituents, which includes not only globally dispersed alumni and students but also faculty members, corporate executives, and extended families.

The Foundation has invested over US$1.5 billion in its seven landmark institutions and initiatives across education and art. Currently, over 17,000 students and over 2,700 faculty and staff are part of the Foundation along with more than 26,000 strong globally dispersed alumni community.

The Foundation's students have gone to study at some of the best institutions globally including the Ivy League in the US and top universities in other countries including Australia, Singapore, China and UK. Students are also working in major corporations, including Goldman Sachs, Honda, HP, Schindler, and several others both in India and across other geographies. Faculty across the Foundation institutions are drawn from the best Indian and international universities, with a strong focus on research and innovation.

The Shiv Nadar Foundation pursues the philosophy of 'Creative Philanthropy'. It is a powerful model which envisages creation of institutions that are built to last and continue to impact future generations. It is an approach that allows sustained institutionalised philanthropy for long-term, high-impact, socio-economic transformation

ISRO's Next Milestone: LVM3-M5 Prepares to Launch High-Tech BlueBird Satellite

The Cryogenic Upper Stage (C25) of ISRO's LVM3 launch vehicle was recently flagged off from the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, to the launch complex at Sriharikota. This marks a significant step for the fifth operational mission of LVM3 (LVM3-M5), which is set to launch the advanced American communications satellite, BlueBird Block-2.

This stage, powered by the indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine, has a propellant capacity of 28.5 tonnes and was developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC). The upcoming mission is part of a commercial agreement between New Space India Limited (NSIL) and AST & Science, LLC.

The BlueBird satellite, weighing approximately 6,000 kg, will operate in Low Earth Orbit and is designed to enable direct satellite-to-smartphone communication, a groundbreaking technological advancement.

It's an important milestone for ISRO, showcasing India's growing role in global space commerce.

BlueBird Block 2 satellite

A computer rendering of AST SpaceMobile's five first-generation, Block 1 BlueBird commercial satellites in low Earth orbit. The spacecraft are designed to provide the first-ever space-based cellular broadband service to unmodified mobile phones. Five of the satellites launched on September 12, 2024 and unfolded throughout October 2024. [ IMAGE - ast-science.com] 

The BlueBird Block 2 satellite is developed by Texas, US -based AST SpaceMobile, which has collaborated with ISRO for the launch of its BlueBird Block-2 satellites using the LVM3 rocket. This partnership underscores India's growing role in global space commerce.

The satellite represents a significant leap in space-based cellular broadband technology. These satellites are designed to provide direct-to-smartphone connectivity without the need for ground-based infrastructure. Each satellite features expansive communication arrays, measuring up to 2,400 square feet, making them the largest commercial communication arrays ever deployed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

The Block 2 satellites are capable of delivering data speeds of up to 120 Mbps, supporting high-demand applications like HD video streaming and real-time data sharing. This technology aims to bridge connectivity gaps, especially in remote and underserved areas, by creating a global space-based cellular network.

Notably, AST SpaceMobile has established a research and development hub in Hyderabad, focusing on next-generation hardware, software, and space-related technologies. This facility is expected to drive innovation and strengthen AST SpaceMobile's technological capabilities.

ISRO's SpaDeX Satellites Accomplished UnDocking in First Attempt, Paving the Way for Indian Space Station

ISRO has achieved a remarkable milestone with the successful de-docking of the SpaDeX satellites. This accomplishment is a significant step forward for India's space exploration capabilities, paving the way for future missions such as Bharatiya Antriksha Station, Chandrayaan-4 and Gaganyaan.

It was on January, 16 of this year when SPADEX satellites were successfully docked. ISRO has now accomplished the pivotal operation of undocking of SPADEX satellites in the very first attempt on 13th March, 2025 at ~09:20 Hrs.

The undocking of the satellites took place in 460 km circular orbit with 45-degree inclination. The satellites are now orbiting independently and their health is normal. With this, ISRO has now successfully demonstrated all the capabilities required for rendezvous, docking and undocking operations in a circular orbit. 

The de-docking process involved a meticulously planned sequence of maneuvers, leading to the successful separation of the SDX-01 (Chaser) and SDX-02 (Target) satellites. This mission demonstrates India's technological prowess in spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking, which are critical capabilities for future advancements like satellite servicing, space station operations, and interplanetary exploration.

Spadex undocking captured from both SDX-1 & SDX-2! 🛰️🛰️🎥

Watch the spectacular views of this successful separation in orbit.

Congratulations to India on this milestone! 🇮🇳✨ #Spadex #ISRO #SpaceTech pic.twitter.com/7u158tgKSG

— ISRO (@isro) March 13, 2025

The satellites are now orbiting independently and their health is normal. With this, ISRO has now successfully demonstrated all the capabilities required for rendezvous, docking and undocking operations in a circular orbit.

The successful de-docking of the SpaDeX satellites marks a significant milestone for ISRO, paving the way for several ambitious future missions. Here are some key implications:

1. Chandrayaan-4: The success of SpaDeX demonstrates ISRO's capability in spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking, which are crucial for complex lunar missions like Chandrayaan-4.
2. Gaganyaan: India's first manned space mission, Gaganyaan, will benefit from the technologies tested in SpaDeX, such as autonomous docking and precise positioning.
3. Bharatiya Antriksha Station: The development of India's own space station will rely heavily on the docking and undocking technologies validated by SpaDeX.
4. Satellite Servicing and Space Station Operations: The ability to dock and undock satellites opens up possibilities for satellite servicing, extending the lifespan of satellites, and conducting space station operations.
5. Interplanetary Exploration: The technologies demonstrated in SpaDeX will be essential for future interplanetary missions, enabling cargo transfer and supplies between spacecraft.

ISRO has now successfully demonstrated space docking technology using two small satellites. It is a cost-effective experiment through which, India has achieved space rendezvous, docking and post docking control technologies.

This achievement positions India among the elite group of nations capable of performing space docking, alongside the US, Russia, and China.

Assam to Launch Its Own Satellite System, with ISRO's Help

Assam is gearing up to launch its own satellite system, ASSAMSAT, with technical assistance from ISRO. The state government is set to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with ISRO soon, and the initial groundwork for the satellite system is expected to be in place by the end of this year.

ASSAMSAT will consist of four to five low-earth orbiting satellites, each focusing on different regions of the state. The command and control center for these satellites will be located in Guwahati. The project aims to enhance disaster management, security (including monitoring illegal infiltration), wildlife tracking, agricultural land use analysis, and road network monitoring. Additionally, it is expected to encourage private sector participation in Assam’s space initiatives.

This is a huge step for Assam in terms of technological advancement and scientific research.

The ASSAMSAT satellites are being developed in collaboration with IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) and ISRO.

Additionally, the project aims to involve students from Assam, who will get hands-on experience in building experimental satellites with support from IN-SPACe and ISRO.

ISRO will also assist Assam in data acquisition and processing, ensuring that the satellite system is effectively utilized for disaster management, forest and agricultural monitoring, land administration, water resource management, and urban planning.

Additionally, ISRO is helping the Assam government develop policy guidelines for using space-based data in governance and environmental monitoring.

Beyond the technical aspects, ISRO is fostering scientific education by allowing 800 students from the Northeast, including 100 from Assam, to visit ISRO's research centers and projects 1 2. This initiative aims to inspire young minds and promote interest in space science and technology.

CSIR-NAL with DRDO and ISRO to Construct Most Advanced CTW Tunnel for Aerodynamic Research & Testing

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL), the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have teamed up to build a state-of-the-art Continuous Trisonic Wind Tunnel (CTWT) or CTW Tunnel. This facility is expected to be one of the world's most advanced of its kind.

A Continuous Trisonic Wind Tunnel (CTWT) is a sophisticated facility designed to simulate the conditions that aircraft and aerospace vehicles experience at various speeds, including subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds (Mach 0.1 to 4).

Unlike traditional wind tunnels that operate intermittently, a CTWT can run continuously, allowing for long-duration tests that are crucial for studying steady-state aerodynamic behaviors.

The CTWT project, which has been approved for development, aims to be completed by 2031. The CTWT will feature two distinct wind tunnels: a Continuous Type Wind Tunnel and a Blowdown Type Wind Tunnel. These tunnels will allow for long-duration tests and high-speed aerodynamic simulations, significantly reducing India's reliance on foreign facilities.

The Continuous Type Wind Tunnel will be 2.5 meters wide by 2.5 meters high. The facility will be capable of simulating air speeds from Mach 0.1 to 1.8. The CTW Tunnel will be designed for continuous operation, allowing for long-duration tests crucial for analyzing steady-state aerodynamic behaviors.

The Blowdown Type Wind Tunnel will be 1.75 meters wide by 1.75 meters high. It will be designed for higher speeds and transient flight conditions, offering insights into high-speed aerodynamics. The Blowdown Type Wind Tunnel will be capable of simulating air speeds from Mach 1.6 to 4. 

Notably, the North American Trisonic Wind Tunnel (NATWT) located in El Segundo, California, built by North American Aviation in the 1950s, had a maximum testing speed of Mach 3.5.

The collaboration between CSIR-NAL, DRDO, and ISRO to build a new Continuous Trisonic Wind Tunnel (CTWT) facility is a significant step for India's aerospace capabilities.

This facility will help reduce reliance on foreign wind tunnels, saving both time and costs, while enhancing national security by keeping sensitive projects within the country.

This ambitious project is expected to be completed by 2031, with a Detailed Project Report (DPR) finalized by July 2025.

These advanced wind tunnels will help studying the behavior of aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles under various flight conditions, and at the same time reducing reliance on foreign wind tunnels and keeping sensitive projects within the country.

ISRO and IN-SPACe Showcase Advanced Space Technologies at Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) are participating in the Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025 at Yashobhoomi, Dwarka, New Delhi, from January 18-21, 2025. ISRO and IN-SPACe aim to bring industry leaders together to explore opportunities for leveraging advanced space technologies in the automotive sector.

A stall set up by ISRO at the venue showcases 43 cutting-edge technologies curated for potential applications in the mobility industry. These include camera and imaging sensors, temperature and pressure sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers, noise suppression systems, specialized coatings, and insulation technologies. By adapting these innovations, the initiative aims to reduce the automotive sector’s reliance on imported technologies, fostering self-reliance and innovation under the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

The importance of translating India’s space achievements into broader industrial applications was emphasized, encouraging the automotive industry to adopt space-grade technologies to enhance safety, performance, and sustainability. The emphasis was also to sustain this momentum through collaborative pilot projects that bridge the gap between research and industry adoption.

Today on January 20, 2025, IN-SPACe and ACMA hosted a dedicated session titled “ISRO Technologies for Automotive Sector”, where experts from ISRO centres, including the Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Thiruvananthapuram), ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU Trivandrum) and the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (Thiruvananthapuram) presented how these technologies can be customized for automotive applications. These discussions aim to initiate strategic dialogues and pilot projects within the industry for practical implementation.

Speaking at the expo Dr Rajeev Jyoti, Director- Technical Directorate, IN-SPACe said,

IN-SPACe will work closely with the automotive industry to facilitate the transfer of technologies developed by ISRO to be adopted by automotive manufacturers. By engaging with the automotive sector, the aim is to demonstrate the potential of ISRO’s technologies, which can be further modified and developed locally to meet the specific requirements of the automotive industry. One of the key objectives is to enhance self-reliance in India by developing and manufacturing advanced components like sensors domestically

The participation of ISRO and IN-SPACe at the Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025 highlights the Government of India’s commitment to bringing in cross-sector innovation and enabling the Indian automotive sector to achieve technological advancements and greater self-reliance.

Modi Govt Approves ISRO's New Launch Pad Valued at $480 Mn

The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the establishment of a new and Third Launch Pad (TLP) of Indian Space agency, ISRO, at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

This project is valued at Rs 3,984 crore (US $480 Million) and is expected to be completed within 48 months or 4 years.

The project cost includes the establishment of the Launch Pad and the associated facilities.

Currently, Indian Space Transportation Systems are completely reliant on two launch pads viz. First Launch Pad (FLP) & Second Launch Pad (SLP). FLP was realized 30 years ago for PSLV and continues to provide launch support for PSLV & SSLV.

The Second Launch Pad (SLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh was established in 2005. It was primarily built to support the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and LVM3 launch vehicles, and it also functions as a standby for the First Launch Pad (FLP).

Key Points of new Third Launch Pad (TLP):

Purpose: The new launch pad will support ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) and serve as a standby for the existing Second Launch Pad.

Capacity Enhancement: This will significantly enhance ISRO's launch capacity, enabling more frequent and complex missions.

Future Missions: The TLP will support upcoming human spaceflight missions and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), India's planned space station.

Design: The launch pad will have a universal and adaptable configuration to support various launch vehicles, including the LVM3 vehicles with semicryogenic stages.

This development marks a significant step in strengthening India's space infrastructure and expanding its capabilities in space exploration.

ISRO Successfully Docks Two Satellites

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully docked two satellites in space as part of its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission. This achievement makes India the fourth country to demonstrate this complex capability, following the United States, Russia, and China.

Manoeuvre, which was started today from 15m to 3m hold point completed. Docking initiated with precision, leading to successful spacecraft capture. Retraction completed smoothly, followed by rigidisation for stability.

SpaDeX Docking Update:

SpaDeX satellites holding position at 15m, capturing stunning photos and videos of each other! 🛰️🛰️

#SPADEX #ISRO pic.twitter.com/RICiEVP6qB

— ISRO (@isro) January 12, 2025

Post docking, control of two satellites as a single object is successful. Going forward, the undocking and power transfer checks would follow in coming days.

Key Points:

Mission Launch: The SpaDeX mission was launched on December 30, 2024, using the PSLV C60 rocket.

Satellites: The mission involved two small satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), each weighing about 220 kg.

Docking Process: The satellites were initially set apart by about 20 km, and over several days, they gradually reduced their distance until they were brought as close as 3 meters. The final docking was successfully completed on January 16, 2025.

Future Missions: This technology will be crucial for future missions, including Chandrayaan-4, which aims to bring lunar samples back to Earth, and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, India's planned space station.

This milestone is a significant step for India's space exploration capabilities.

India To Become 4th Nation Globally With Space Docking Technology

India could soon join an elite club of nations with space docking technology as the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission, which aims to demonstrate the capability to dock two satellites in orbit. This is a crucial step for India's future space missions, including the planned Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) and lunar missions.
 

With launch of PSLV-C60 rocket, on Monday, December 30, 2024, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, ISRO has indeed made a significant leap with the successful launch of its SpaDeX mission.

The docking process is expected to take place around January 7, 2025. If successful, India will join an elite group of nations with space docking capabilities, including the United States, Russia, and China. The country could be fourth nation globally to have space docking technology. 

SpaDeX aims to demonstrate the capability to dock two satellites in orbit, a crucial technology for future space missions. Two small satellites, named Chaser and Target, each weighing around 220 kg, were deployed into a 470 km orbit.

The SpaDeX mission objective to demonstrate the technology required for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft (SDX01, the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target) in a low-Earth circular orbit.

This technology is essential for India's plans to build its own space station, the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), and for upcoming lunar missions.

The SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is a significant step towards mastering in-space docking technology.

Docking Process

1. Deployment: Both spacecraft are deployed simultaneously into orbit with a small relative velocity.

2. Far Rendezvous: The distance between the two spacecraft increases to 10-20 km.

3. Propulsion System: The Target spacecraft uses its propulsion system to stabilize the separation.

4. Progressive Approach: The Chaser satellite gradually reduces the distance in steps (5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and finally 3 m).

5. Docking: Once within 3 meters, the docking process Begins.

6. Power Transfer: After docking, electrical power transfer between the two satellites is demonstrated.

7. Undocking: The satellites undock and operate independently for up to two years.

This mission is crucial for India's future space ambitions, including the Gaganyaan manned mission and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station.

Slow-motion liftoff and onboard views! 🚀✨

SpaDeX’s historic mission onboard PSLV-C60 delivers breathtaking visuals, showcasing India’s strides in space exploration. 🌌🛰️

📖 More info: https://t.co/jQEnGi3W2d#SpaDeX #ISRO 🚀
📍 @DrJitendraSingh pic.twitter.com/5eJ6FAiIxI

— ISRO (@isro) December 31, 2024

NASA has been a leader in docking technology since the Gemini program in the 1960s. They continue to use docking technology for the International Space Station (ISS). Roscosmos (Russia) has a long history of expertise in docking technology, dating back to the Soviet era. CNSA (China) or China National Space Administration (CNSA) has successfully demonstrated docking technology with its Shenzhou spacecraft.

ISRO to Deploy Record 24 Scientific Instruments Onboard POEM-4

ISRO is set to revolutionize space technology with its POEM-4 (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-4) mission. This mission, part of the PSLV-C60/SpaDeX launch, will deploy a record 24 scientific instruments into orbit. This is a significant increase from previous missions, with POEM-3 hosting only 8 payloads.

POEM-4 will carry a total of 24 payloads, including 14 from ISRO centers and 10 from non-government entities (NGEs) like academia and startups.

The 24 payloads include a mix of projects from ISRO, academia, and startups. Some of the experiments focus on robotics, such as a walking robotic arm and a debris-capturing robotic manipulator. Others involve advanced sensors, green propulsion systems, and biological experiments to study the impact of spaceflight on organisms.

This mission aims to test and validate technologies for future space missions, including India's space station. It's an exciting step forward for ISRO and the broader space community.

ISRO's official announcement provides more details about the experiments to conducted aboard POEM-4. Here are some highlights:

• Seed Germination: One of the experiments involves growing cowpea seeds in a closed-box environment to study seed germination and plant sustenance in space.
• Debris Capture: A robotic manipulator will demonstrate the capturing of tethered debris, which is crucial for maintaining a clean space environment.
• Green Propulsion: The mission will test green propulsion systems, such as hydrogen peroxide-based thrusters, offering a safer alternative to traditional fuels.
• Space Docking: The mission includes launching two small spacecraft, "Chaser" and "Target," to demonstrate space docking technologies essential for India's future space station.

These experiments aim to validate various technologies and concepts for future space missions, making POEM-4 a significant step forward in space research.

History & Timeline of NISAR, the World’s Most Expensive Earth-Imaging Satellite

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite is a collaborative project between NASA and ISRO, aimed at providing advanced radar imaging for Earth observation.

NISAR is expected to be the world's most expensive Earth-imaging satellite, with a total cost estimated at US$1.5 billion. The data collected will be freely available to the scientific community and the public, aiding in understanding and managing Earth's natural resources and hazards.

Here's a brief history and timeline of the NISAR mission:

Conceptualization

2014: The partnership between NASA and ISRO was formalized with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to develop and launch the NISAR satellite.

2016: Detailed design and development work began, with both agencies contributing their expertise and resources.

Artist Rendering of NISAR (Source: NASA/ JPl-Caltech) 

Development and Testing

2018-2020: The development of the satellite's components, including the L-band radar provided by NASA and the S-band radar provided by ISRO, was completed.

2020-2023: Integration and testing of the satellite and its instruments were conducted to ensure functionality and reliability.

Launch Preparation

2023: The satellite was transported to the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh, India, for final preparations and integration with the launch vehicle.

2024: Final checks and rehearsals were conducted in preparation for the scheduled launch in early 2025.

NISAR's flight antenna system undergoes thermal vacuum testing at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Launch and Mission

March 2025 (Planned): The NISAR satellite is scheduled to be launched aboard ISRO's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II (GSLV Mk II) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Mission Objectives

Earth Observation: NISAR will map the entire globe every 12 days, providing data on ecosystems, ice mass, vegetation, sea level rise, groundwater, and natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.

Dual Radar Systems: The satellite will carry both L-band and S-band radars, allowing for comprehensive monitoring of Earth's surface movements and natural processes.

NISAR Launch and Deploy Animation Video 

ISRO and ESA Sign Agreement to Collaborate on Astronaut Training, Research Experiments

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the European Space Agency (ESA) have signed a significant agreement to enhance cooperation in human spaceflight.

This collaboration focuses on astronaut training, mission implementation, and research experiments.

Key highlights of the agreement include:

1. Astronaut Training: Joint training programs for astronauts, including participation in ESA's human physiological studies and technology demonstration experiments.

2. Mission Implementation: Collaboration on the upcoming Axiom-4 mission, where an ISRO astronaut and an ESA astronaut will be part of the crew.

3. Research Experiments: Development and integration of experiments designed by Indian Principal Investigators aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This means that Indian astronauts can use ESA facilities ISS, cooperation on human and biomedical research experiment implementation as well as joint education and outreach activities.

4. Educational Outreach: Joint initiatives to promote space science and technology education.

5. Interoperability: Enhancing interoperability between human spaceflight platforms, including India's upcoming Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS).

Dr. S Somanath in his remarks highlighted that ISRO has defined a roadmap for human space flight activities and the recent approval of Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) present an opportunity to develop interoperability between human spaceflight platforms. ESA Director General, Dr. Aschbacher, thanked Dr. Somanath for speaking at ESA Council and remarked that the agreement provides a strong basis of cooperation between the two agencies.

The leadership of both ISRO and ESA expressed satisfaction with the progress of joint activities for the upcoming Axiom-4 mission and underlined the need for continuing cooperative activities in the area of human spaceflight in future.

This partnership aims to boost India's human spaceflight capabilities and foster global collaboration in space exploration.

To recall, in late last month ISRO has also signed an Implementing Arrangement (IA) with Australian Space Agency (ASA) to strengthen cooperation in space activities. This agreement is focused on crew and crew module recovery for ISRO's Gaganyaan missions.